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+++ title = "Anthony Bourdain documentary sparks backlash for using AI to fake voice" date = "2021-07-16T00:21:34+08:00" tags = ["ai"] type = "blog" categories = ["news"] banner = "img/banners/banner-3.jpg" +++
## Anthony Bourdain documentary sparks backlash for using AI to fake voice
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A new documentary about Anthony Bourdain has sparked a debate over its use of artificial intelligence to stitch together voiced quotes by the late celebrity chef and effectively bring his voice back to life.
Roadrunner: A Film About Anthony Bourdain, directed by Morgan Neville, takes an intimate look into the life and death of Bourdain, including his global fame, career and pursuit of happiness.
In a recent interview with the New Yorker, Neville revealed that he used AI to synthetically create a voiceover reading of an email by Bourdain himself.
There were a total of three lines of dialogue that Neville wanted Bourdain to narrate, the film-maker explained in his interview. However, because he was unable to find previous audio, he contacted a software company instead and provided about a dozen hours of recordings, in turn creating an AI model of Bourdain’s voice.
In the movie there is a scene about an email sent by Bourdain to his friend, the artist David Choe. Bourdain writes, and viewers hear his voice read aloud: “My life is sort of shit now. You are successful, and I am successful, and I’m wondering: Are you happy?” But the voice was in fact created by AI.
Neville added: “If you watch the film … you probably don’t know what the other lines are that were spoken by the AI, and you’re not going to know.”
Despite Neville describing his use of AI technology as a “modern storytelling technique”, critics voiced concerns on social media over the unannounced use of a “deepfake” voice to say sentences that Bourdain never spoke.
Among those upset with the use of AI was Bourdain’s ex-wife Ottavia Bourdain. She disputed Neville’s claims that he had received her blessing to use the artificial technology, tweeting: “I certainly was NOT the one who said Tony would have been cool with that.”
Sean Burns, a film critic for Boston’s WBUR, denounced the film-makers, writing: “When I wrote my review I was not aware that the film-makers had used an AI to deepfake Bourdain’s voice … I feel like this tells you all you need to know about the ethics of the people behind this project.”
Neville, however, insisted that there was no manipulation, saying: “I wasn’t putting words into his mouth. I was just trying to make them come alive.”
With AI on the rise, the measures employed by the new documentary have once again raised questions about storytelling ethics. As deepfakes become more advanced, critics worry over a growing slippery slope surrounding what is real and what is fake.
Nevertheless, the criticisms do not seem to concern Neville.
“We can have a documentary-ethics panel about it later,” he said to the New Yorker.
## Anthony Bourdain Documentary 'Roadrunner' Created Controversial A.I. of Late Chef's Voice
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Anthony Bourdain Documentary 'Roadrunner' Created Controversial A.I. of Late Chef's Voice
There are points in the posthumous Anthony Bourdain documentary, Roadrunner, in which it appears as if the late chef and TV personality is speaking from beyond the grave. The truth of the film's narration is proving perhaps more unnerving: The director used A.I. to recreate Bourdain's voice.
"There were three quotes there I wanted his voice for that there were no recordings of," director Morgan Neville told The New Yorker's Helen Rosner. Working with a software company, the Oscar-winning filmmaker behind 20 Feet from Stardom provided hours of recordings of Bourdain to recreate an artificial model of his voice.
The deepfaked voice was apparently only used to provide a voice to words Bourdain wrote but never spoke aloud -- including emails to friends -- with Neville saying, "You probably don't know what the other lines are that were spoken by the A.I., and you're not going to know. We can have a documentary-ethics panel about it later."
Due to its uncanniness, if not creepiness, and those questions of ethicality, the A.I. usage has ignited the most blowback from film critics and social media at large. The remainder of Bourdain's narration throughout the film was "stitched-together clips ... pulled from TV, radio, podcasts, and audiobooks," according to The New Yorker.
"In the beginning, I went and gathered everything he ever said about his life. I went through every book and podcast and voiceover session, and put together a binder of, like, 500 pages of him talking about his life. There was a moment when I was even like, 'Gee, I could make the whole film in his voice,' though I stopped myself instantly," Neville further explained in an interview with GQ. "But then I came across a few things he wrote but that he never said. And so, I had this idea to create an A.I. model of his voice, which we did."
"I checked, you know, with his widow and his literary executor, just to make sure people were cool with that," Neville said. "And they were like, Tony would have been cool with that. I wasn't putting words into his mouth. I was just trying to make them come alive."
"I certainly was NOT the one who said Tony would have been cool with that," Bourdain's ex-wife, Ottavia Busia-Bourdain, tweeted in response. In another tweet, she said of her involvement in the doc, "Besides the interview I gave and supplying some of the footage, not really."
I certainly was NOT the one who said Tony would have been cool with that. https://t.co/CypDvc1sBP — Ottavia (@OttaviaBourdain) July 16, 2021
Besides the interview I gave and supplying some of the footage, not really. — Ottavia (@OttaviaBourdain) July 15, 2021
In a subsequent statement to Variety, Neville instead said he had "the blessing of [Bourdain's] estate and literary agent" to use the A.I. calling it "a modern storytelling technique that I used in a few places where I thought it was important to make Tony's words come alive."
In ET's own interview with Neville, he discussed screening the film for Busia-Bourdain and certain members of Bourdain's inner circle "just to see if there were any sort of gross missteps."
"I certainly was curious to see what Ottavia would think," he said, also revealing how Bourdain's brother, Chris, responded to seeing the film for the first time. "His brother came up and gave me a hug at the end of the film. There were a lot of tears, and it's a hard film just because it's a tough story. There are big highs and big lows in it, and I think you just have to go for the ride. Because that's what Tony always took you on."
## New Anthony Bourdain documentary includes artificial intelligence version of chef's voice
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A new documentary about Anthony Bourdain, who died in 2018, includes an artificial intelligence version of the chef's voice, raising ethical concerns for some fans.
"Roadrunner" director Morgan Neville said in an interview with The New Yorker that he used Bourdain's voice from several sources, including TV, radio and podcasts, to narrate the film. However, he wanted to use three quotes that there were no recordings of – one of them being a part where the "Parts Unknown" host reads an email he wrote.
Neville told the magazine he and his team compiled together about 12 hours worth of recordings and handed it over to a software company, which recreated his voice.
"If you watch the film, other than that line you mentioned, you probably don't know what the other lines are that were spoken by the A.I., and you're not going to know," Neville told New Yorker writer Helen Rosner. "We can have a documentary-ethics panel about it later."
Neville explained his decision to use A.I. in GQ and said he checked in with Bourdain's literary executor and widow.
"They were like, Tony would have been cool with that," he said. "I wasn't putting words into his mouth. I was just trying to make them come alive."
Neville said he did not interview Asia Argento, Bourdain's girlfriend at the time of his death. Bourdain's ex-wife, Ottavia Bourdain, responded to Neville's remarks, saying she was "NOT the one who said Tony would been cool with that."
Anthony Bourdain attends the Creative Arts Emmy Awards at Microsoft Theater on September 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, California. Emma McIntyre / Getty Images
Some fans were upset over the use of the A.I.-manufactured voice for the film. Screenwriter Ashley Lynch tweeted that it's so "ethically f****d up on so many levels and is really gross."
"Anthony Bourdain already had so many good insights and quotable lines why would you feel the need to falsify material?" one Twitter user said.
"I definitely disagree with this for one reason. Anthony was not an actor that you could feed lines to and he'd recite them. He had original thoughts that he expressed in his own way," another Twitter user said.
Bourdain died by suicide three years ago at the age of 61. "Roadrunner" explores the complexity elicited by the life and death of the famed chef and TV personality. Neville told "CBS Sunday Morning" earlier this month that the film aims to help fans of his grieve.
"I hope the film in some way gets people to start to think of him as a whole person again, to at least process some aspect of his death, but also his life," he said.